Rillo Hero

Rillo¶

Rillo is a lightweight, type-safe Event Sourcing framework for Python, built on top of Pydantic.

Installation¶

Installing the core library using pip:

pip install rillo

Install with NATS JetStream support for repositories and snapshot stores:

pip install 'rillo[nats]'

Installing using uv:

uv add rillo
uv add rillo[nats]

Usage¶

Defining an Aggregate¶

Rillo uses Pydantic models for State and Events. Creating an Aggregate requires two type parameters and implementing the abstract apply() method. Business logic lives in plain command methods that emit events via _emit().

from typing import Annotated, Literal
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from rillo import Aggregate

# 1. Define events
class UserSignedUp(BaseModel):
    type: Literal["UserSignedUpV1"] = "UserSignedUpV1"
    username: str

class AccountDeleted(BaseModel):
    type: Literal["AccountDeletedV1"] = "AccountDeletedV1"

# 2. Define aggregate state
class State(BaseModel):
    type: Literal["UserStateV1"] = "UserStateV1"
    username: str
    account_deleted: bool

# Type alias with a discriminator for the event union
type Event = Annotated[UserSignedUp | AccountDeleted, Field(discriminator="type")]

# 3. Create the Aggregate with [State, Event] type parameters
class User(Aggregate[State, Event]):

    # apply() maps each event to a state mutation
    def apply(self, event: Event) -> None:
        match event:
            case UserSignedUp(username=username):
                self._state = State(username=username, account_deleted=False)
            case AccountDeleted():
                if self._state is not None:
                    self._state.account_deleted = True

    # Command methods contain business logic and emit events via _emit()
    def sign_up(self, username: str) -> None:
        if self._state is not None:
            raise ValueError("User already exists")
        self._emit(UserSignedUp(username=username))

    def delete_account(self) -> None:
        if self._state is None:
            raise ValueError("User does not exist")
        if self._state.account_deleted:
            raise ValueError("Account is already deleted")
        self._emit(AccountDeleted())

# Using the aggregate
user = User(id="user-1")
user.sign_up(username="alice")
user.delete_account()

# Pending events are stored and ready to be committed
events = user.pending_events

Repositories and Snapshot Stores¶

Rillo provides a Repository base class to save/load events and a SnapshotStore base for capturing aggregate snapshots to optimize load times. Both have built-in support for NATS JetStream (NATSRepository & NATSSnapshotStore).

import asyncio
from nats.aio.client import Client as NATS
from rillo.nats import NATSRepository, NATSSnapshotStore

async def main():
    nc = NATS()
    await nc.connect("nats://localhost:4222")
    js = nc.jetstream()

    # Create a repository instance
    repository = NATSRepository[User](
        js=js,
        stream_name="USERS",
        subject_prefix="users.events"
    )

    user = User("user-123")
    user.sign_up(username="alice")

    # Persist pending events into NATS JetStream
    await repository.save(user)

    # Rehydrate aggregate state back from the event stream
    loaded_user = User("user-123")
    await repository.load(loaded_user)

    # Snapshot store uses a NATS KV bucket to cache aggregate state
    kv = await js.key_value("users-snapshots")
    snapshot_store = NATSSnapshotStore[User](kv=kv)

    # Save a snapshot of the current aggregate state
    await snapshot_store.save(loaded_user)

    # Load the snapshot before replaying remaining events
    restored_user = User("user-123")
    await snapshot_store.load(restored_user)
    await repository.load(restored_user)  # replays only events after the snapshot

if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())